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TOEFLライティングのつなぎ表現189選、例文つき一覧(PDF無料)
2026-10-1012 min read
TOEFLライティングの準備で、多くの人が最初に覚えるのがつなぎ表現です。Moreover、Furthermore、In conclusion。そこで当サイトの模範解答114本で数えてみました。In conclusionは一度も出てきませんでした。
このページでは、2026年版TOEFLのWrite an EmailとWrite for an Academic Discussionですぐに使えるつなぎ表現189個を14グループにまとめました。表現ごとに意味と試験に出そうなテーマの例文をつけ、同じ一覧を印刷用PDFでも配布しています。表の後には、模範解答114本で数えた結果もまとめています。
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つなぎ表現189個、14グループ
グループごとに使う場面(Email、Academic Discussion、または両方)を書いてあります。例文は本番に出そうなテーマで作りました。下の一覧から必要なグループに飛べます。
- 自分の立場を示す (14)
- 理由を述べる (15)
- 詳しく説明する (14)
- 例を挙げる (14)
- 情報を付け加える (14)
- 対比・譲歩する (16)
- 他の学生の意見に反応する (14)
- 結果を示す (14)
- 比較する (10)
- 条件・仮定 (10)
- 強調する (10)
- 順序立てる (12)
- まとめる (12)
- メール専用の表現 (20)
自分の立場を示す (Stating your position)
使う場面: Academic Discussion · 14個
| 表現 | 意味 | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
| In my view, | 私の考えでは | In my view, first-year students should be required to live on campus. |
| From my perspective, | 私の視点から見ると | From my perspective, online classes work best for students who already have strong study habits. |
| I firmly believe that | 私は〜だと強く信じている | I firmly believe that schools should teach basic financial skills. |
| I strongly agree that | 〜に強く賛成する | I strongly agree that cities should invest more in public transportation. |
| I am inclined to think that | どちらかといえば〜だと思う | I am inclined to think that a shorter school week would hurt younger students. |
| As far as I am concerned, | 私に関して言えば | As far as I am concerned, the benefits of social media outweigh the risks. |
| It seems to me that | 私には〜のように思える | It seems to me that most students choose a major too early. |
| My position is that | 私の立場は〜だ | My position is that homework should be optional in elementary school. |
| I would argue that | 〜だと主張したい | I would argue that public libraries are more important now than ever. |
| I am convinced that | 〜だと確信している | I am convinced that group projects prepare students for real jobs. |
| When it comes to | 〜に関して言えば | When it comes to learning a language, daily practice matters more than talent. |
| Personally, | 個人的には | Personally, I prefer studying in a quiet library to studying at home. |
| I tend to agree with the idea that | 〜という考えにおおむね賛成だ | I tend to agree with the idea that uniforms reduce peer pressure. |
| There is no doubt that | 〜であることは疑いない | There is no doubt that smartphones have changed how teenagers communicate. |
理由を述べる (Giving reasons)
使う場面: Email · Academic Discussion · 15個
| 表現 | 意味 | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
| This is mainly because | これは主に〜だからだ | Many students skip breakfast. This is mainly because their first class starts too early. |
| The main reason is that | 主な理由は〜だ | The main reason is that students learn faster when they teach each other. |
| The primary reason for this is | その第一の理由は〜だ | The primary reason for this is the high cost of living near campus. |
| One reason is that | 理由の一つは〜だ | One reason is that remote work saves employees hours of commuting. |
| Another reason is that | もう一つの理由は〜だ | Another reason is that small classes allow more questions. |
| This is because | これは〜だからだ | Some companies ban phones in meetings. This is because people stop listening. |
| due to | 〜のために（名詞が続く） | The event was canceled due to heavy rain. |
| owing to | 〜のおかげで・〜のために | Owing to budget cuts, the library now closes at 6 p.m. |
| since | 〜なので | Since most students work part-time, evening classes are very popular. |
| given that | 〜を考えると | Given that tuition keeps rising, students need more scholarship options. |
| in light of | 〜を踏まえて | In light of the new research, the school changed its start time. |
| That is why | だから〜なのだ | Exercise improves focus. That is why I think schools need longer breaks. |
| for the simple reason that | 〜という単純な理由で | I support the policy for the simple reason that it saves time. |
| What makes this important is that | これが重要なのは〜だからだ | What makes this important is that habits formed in college often last for life. |
| I say this because | こう言うのは〜だからだ | I say this because I saw the same problem in my own high school. |
詳しく説明する (Explaining in more detail)
使う場面: Academic Discussion · 14個
| 表現 | 意味 | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
| In detail, | 詳しく言うと | In detail, the program pairs each new student with an older mentor for one semester. |
| To be more specific, | より具体的に言うと | To be more specific, students spend about two hours a day on social media. |
| In other words, | 言い換えると | In other words, the rule protects students who cannot afford new devices. |
| That is to say, | つまり | Teachers should be facilitators. That is to say, they should guide rather than lecture. |
| To put it another way, | 別の言い方をすれば | To put it another way, cheap food is not really cheap if it makes us sick. |
| What I mean is that | 私が言いたいのは〜ということだ | What I mean is that students need time to rest, not just more classes. |
| More specifically, | より具体的には | More specifically, the app reminds users to review words they missed. |
| To elaborate, | 詳しく述べると | To elaborate, part-time jobs teach time management in a way classes cannot. |
| Put simply, | 簡単に言えば | Put simply, the policy costs more than it saves. |
| This means that | これは〜ということを意味する | This means that students would lose their only chance to practice speaking. |
| In particular, | 特に | In particular, first-generation students benefit from extra advising. |
| Specifically, | 具体的には | Specifically, the survey found that most users quit within a week. |
| Namely, | すなわち | Two groups would benefit most, namely commuters and working parents. |
| The point is that | 要するに〜ということだ | The point is that technology should support teachers, not replace them. |
例を挙げる (Giving examples)
使う場面: Email · Academic Discussion · 14個
| 表現 | 意味 | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
| For example, | 例えば | For example, my cousin learned to code entirely through free online courses. |
| For instance, | 例えば | For instance, many museums now offer free virtual tours. |
| To illustrate, | 例を挙げて説明すると | To illustrate, a student who reads 20 minutes a day finishes about 15 books a year. |
| such as | 〜のような | Outdoor activities such as hiking and cycling reduce stress. |
| A good example of this is | その良い例が〜だ | A good example of this is Finland, where students have very little homework. |
| Take ... as an example. | 〜を例に取ろう | Take my high school as an example. It banned phones, and grades went up. |
| In my experience, | 私の経験では | In my experience, study groups work only when someone sets clear goals. |
| When I was in high school, | 高校生の頃 | When I was in high school, our teacher let us choose our own project topics. |
| like | 〜のように | Small changes, like turning off notifications, can improve focus. |
| including | 〜を含めて | The club offers many activities, including weekend hikes and film nights. |
| Consider | 〜を考えてみよう | Consider how much time students spend commuting to campus each week. |
| Imagine | 〜を想像してみてほしい | Imagine a student who has to work 30 hours a week while studying full-time. |
| to name a few | いくつか挙げると | Cafes, libraries, and parks, to name a few, all offer free Wi-Fi now. |
| As an illustration, | 一例として | As an illustration, the city's bike-sharing program cut car trips by a noticeable amount. |
情報を付け加える (Adding a point)
使う場面: Email · Academic Discussion · 14個
| 表現 | 意味 | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
| In addition, | さらに | In addition, living on campus makes it easier to join clubs. |
| Moreover, | その上 | Moreover, the new schedule gives teachers more time to plan. |
| Furthermore, | さらに | Furthermore, online courses let students review lectures as often as they need. |
| Also, | また | Also, public transportation is better for the environment. |
| On top of that, | それに加えて | On top of that, the program is completely free for students. |
| Besides, | それに | Besides, most students already own a laptop. |
| What is more, | しかも | What is more, the library stays open until midnight during exams. |
| Not only ... but also | 〜だけでなく〜も | Not only does exercise improve health, but it also boosts concentration. |
| Along with | 〜と並んで | Along with lower costs, remote work offers more flexibility. |
| As well as | 〜と同様に | Tutors help with writing as well as with test preparation. |
| Another point to consider is | 考慮すべきもう一つの点は〜だ | Another point to consider is the cost of maintaining the new buildings. |
| Equally important, | 同様に重要なのは | Equally important, students need someone to talk to when they struggle. |
| Additionally, | 加えて | Additionally, I would like to ask whether the deadline can be extended. |
| Not to mention | 〜は言うまでもなく | The commute is long, not to mention expensive. |
対比・譲歩する (Contrasting and conceding)
使う場面: Academic Discussion · 16個
| 表現 | 意味 | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
| However, | しかし | Some people think homework is useless. However, it builds discipline. |
| On the other hand, | 一方で | Living alone is expensive. On the other hand, it teaches responsibility. |
| Although | 〜ではあるが | Although online classes are flexible, many students feel isolated. |
| Even though | たとえ〜でも | Even though the plan costs more, it will save money in the long run. |
| While | 〜である一方 | While technology helps, it cannot replace a good teacher. |
| Nevertheless, | それにもかかわらず | The rule is unpopular. Nevertheless, it keeps students safe. |
| Despite | 〜にもかかわらず | Despite the high cost, many families choose private tutoring. |
| In contrast, | 対照的に | City schools have large classes. In contrast, rural schools are often very small. |
| Instead, | その代わりに | Schools should not ban phones. Instead, they should teach students to use them wisely. |
| Admittedly, | 確かに | Admittedly, the policy will be difficult to enforce at first. |
| It is true that ..., but | 確かに〜だが | It is true that dorms are expensive, but they save students time and travel costs. |
| That being said, | とはいえ | Online learning is convenient. That being said, it requires strong self-control. |
| Even so, | それでも | The new library is far from the dorms. Even so, students use it every day. |
| Rather than | 〜するよりむしろ | Rather than banning junk food, schools should offer healthier options. |
| Whereas | 〜であるのに対し | Some students like group work, whereas others prefer to study alone. |
| Conversely, | 逆に | Strict rules can reduce cheating. Conversely, they can also reduce trust. |
他の学生の意見に反応する (Responding to classmates)
使う場面: Academic Discussion · 14個
| 表現 | 意味 | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
| I agree with ... that | 〜の〜という意見に賛成だ | I agree with Kelly that living on campus helps students make friends. |
| I understand ...'s point about ..., but | 〜の〜についての指摘は理解できるが | I understand Andrew's point about cost, but the benefits are worth it. |
| While ... makes a good point, | 〜の指摘ももっともだが | While Maria makes a good point about safety, I think the rule goes too far. |
| Building on ...'s idea, | 〜の考えを発展させると | Building on Daniel's idea, schools could also offer weekend workshops. |
| ... raises an interesting point, but | 〜は興味深い点を挙げているが | Emily raises an interesting point, but she overlooks the cost to taxpayers. |
| I see where ... is coming from, but | 〜がそう言う理由はわかるが | I see where Jason is coming from, but not every student can afford a laptop. |
| Unlike ..., I believe that | 〜とは違い、私は〜だと思う | Unlike Sarah, I believe that exams are still the fairest way to measure learning. |
| I partly agree with ..., but | 〜に部分的には賛成だが | I partly agree with Tom, but I think the rule should apply only to younger students. |
| Like ..., I think | 〜と同じく私も〜だと思う | Like Kevin, I think teachers should give fewer but better assignments. |
| ... overlooks the fact that | 〜は〜という事実を見落としている | Andrew overlooks the fact that many dorms offer financial aid. |
| What ... does not mention is | 〜が触れていないのは〜だ | What Lisa does not mention is how long the training would take. |
| To add to ...'s argument, | 〜の主張に付け加えると | To add to Chris's argument, smaller classes also reduce noise and stress. |
| I would go further than ... and say | 〜よりさらに踏み込んで〜と言いたい | I would go further than Anna and say that the policy should be national. |
| Both ... and ... make valid points, but | 〜も〜も妥当な点を挙げているが | Both Kelly and Andrew make valid points, but I lean toward Kelly's side. |
結果を示す (Showing results)
使う場面: Email · Academic Discussion · 14個
| 表現 | 意味 | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
| As a result, | その結果 | The cafeteria added healthy options. As a result, fewer students eat off campus. |
| Therefore, | したがって | The bus is often late. Therefore, students should be allowed some flexibility. |
| Consequently, | 結果として | Prices rose sharply. Consequently, many students moved back home. |
| Thus, | このように | The test is shorter. Thus, students have less time to recover from mistakes. |
| As a consequence, | その結果として | As a consequence, the city had to close two libraries. |
| This leads to | これは〜につながる | Less sleep leads to lower grades and more stress. |
| This results in | これは〜という結果になる | Skipping practice results in slower progress. |
| Because of this, | このため | Because of this, many students never ask for help. |
| For this reason, | こうした理由から | For this reason, I think the school should keep the program. |
| so | だから | The library was full, so we studied in a cafe. |
| Hence, | それゆえ | The data is incomplete. Hence, the conclusion may be wrong. |
| which means that | つまり〜ということだ | The deadline moved up, which means that we have only two days left. |
| In turn, | 今度はそれが | Better sleep improves focus, and focus, in turn, improves grades. |
| As a result of | 〜の結果として | As a result of the new policy, attendance went up. |
比較する (Comparing)
使う場面: Academic Discussion · 10個
| 表現 | 意味 | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
| Similarly, | 同様に | Libraries offer quiet space. Similarly, study cafes give students a place to focus. |
| Likewise, | 同じように | Teachers need feedback. Likewise, students need clear goals. |
| In the same way, | 同じように | In the same way, companies benefit when workers rest. |
| Compared to | 〜と比べると | Compared to ten years ago, students today read far fewer printed books. |
| Just as ..., so | 〜と同じように〜も | Just as athletes need rest, so do students before exams. |
| Unlike | 〜とは違って | Unlike traditional classes, online courses can be taken at any time. |
| much more ... than | 〜よりはるかに〜 | Group study is much more effective than studying alone for some subjects. |
| By comparison, | それに比べて | Bikes are cheap to maintain. By comparison, cars cost thousands each year. |
| the same is true of | 〜についても同じことが言える | Exercise improves mood, and the same is true of spending time outdoors. |
| is far better than | 〜よりずっと良い | Learning by doing is far better than memorizing rules. |
条件・仮定 (Conditions and what-ifs)
使う場面: Academic Discussion · 10個
| 表現 | 意味 | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
| If ..., then | もし〜なら、〜 | If schools start later, then students will sleep more. |
| Unless | 〜しない限り | Unless the city adds more buses, traffic will keep getting worse. |
| As long as | 〜する限り | Phones are fine in class as long as students use them for research. |
| Provided that | 〜という条件で | Remote work can succeed, provided that teams meet regularly. |
| Otherwise, | そうでなければ | Students need breaks. Otherwise, they lose focus quickly. |
| In that case, | その場合 | Some students cannot attend in person. In that case, recorded lectures help. |
| Without | 〜がなければ | Without clear rules, group projects become unfair. |
| If this happens, | そうなれば | Funding may be cut. If this happens, the program will close. |
| Even if | たとえ〜でも | Even if the course is optional, most students would take it. |
| Suppose that | 〜と仮定しよう | Suppose that every student had a personal tutor. Grades would rise quickly. |
強調する (Adding emphasis)
使う場面: Academic Discussion · 10個
| 表現 | 意味 | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
| Indeed, | 実際 | Sleep matters. Indeed, it may matter more than extra study hours. |
| In fact, | 実は | Many people think cycling is slow. In fact, it is often faster in city traffic. |
| Above all, | 何よりも | Above all, students need teachers who believe in them. |
| Most importantly, | 最も重要なのは | Most importantly, the policy protects students' mental health. |
| Clearly, | 明らかに | Clearly, the old system is not working. |
| Obviously, | 当然 | Obviously, no single rule will solve the problem. |
| It is worth noting that | 〜は注目に値する | It is worth noting that the program is already used in several countries. |
| Especially | 特に | Especially for younger students, routine is very important. |
| Undoubtedly, | 疑いなく | Undoubtedly, the internet has made research easier. |
| The key point is that | 重要な点は〜ということだ | The key point is that students learn best when they are curious. |
順序立てる (Ordering your points)
使う場面: Email · Academic Discussion · 12個
| 表現 | 意味 | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
| First of all, | まず第一に | First of all, I want to thank you for your quick reply. |
| To begin with, | まず | To begin with, uniforms save families money. |
| Firstly, / Secondly, | 第一に／第二に | Firstly, the plan is cheap. Secondly, it is easy to start. |
| Next, | 次に | Next, I would like to ask about the meeting time. |
| Then, | それから | We could meet at the library. Then, we could go to the lab together. |
| After that, | その後 | After that, I will send you the final draft. |
| Finally, | 最後に | Finally, I would appreciate it if you could confirm the date. |
| Lastly, | 最後に | Lastly, the program builds confidence. |
| To start with, | まずは | To start with, the room is too small for our group. |
| At the same time, | 同時に | At the same time, we should listen to students' concerns. |
| Meanwhile, | その間に | I will finish the slides. Meanwhile, could you check the data? |
| Before that, | その前に | Before that, I need to finish my lab report. |
まとめる (Wrapping up)
使う場面: Academic Discussion · 12個
| 表現 | 意味 | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
| Overall, | 全体として | Overall, the benefits of the program clearly outweigh the costs. |
| For these reasons, | これらの理由から | For these reasons, I support Kelly's view. |
| That is why I believe | だから私は〜だと考える | That is why I believe schools should start later. |
| All things considered, | すべてを考慮すると | All things considered, online learning is a good option for adults. |
| In the end, | 結局 | In the end, the choice should belong to the students. |
| Ultimately, | 最終的には | Ultimately, a good teacher matters more than any technology. |
| To sum up, | 要約すると | To sum up, uniforms save money and reduce pressure. |
| In short, | 要するに | In short, the plan is cheap, fast, and fair. |
| In conclusion, | 結論として | In conclusion, I believe the city should invest in bike lanes. |
| This is why | これが〜する理由だ | This is why I would choose the second option. |
| On balance, | 総合的に見て | On balance, the rule does more good than harm. |
| Taking everything into account, | あらゆる点を考えると | Taking everything into account, I would support the proposal. |
メール専用の表現 (Email-only phrases)
使う場面: Email · 20個
| 表現 | 意味 | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
| I am writing to | 〜の件でご連絡しました | I am writing to ask about the summer research program. |
| I am writing about | 〜についてご連絡しました | I am writing about a used textbook I bought last week. |
| I hope this message finds you well. | お元気でお過ごしのことと存じます | Dear Professor Kim, I hope this message finds you well. |
| I would like to | 〜したいと思います | I would like to request a short extension on my essay. |
| Could you please | 〜していただけますか | Could you please tell me when the office opens? |
| Would it be possible to | 〜することは可能でしょうか | Would it be possible to move our meeting to Friday? |
| I would appreciate it if you could | 〜していただけると幸いです | I would appreciate it if you could send me the reading list. |
| Unfortunately, | 残念ながら | Unfortunately, I will not be able to attend the meeting on Monday. |
| The problem is that | 問題は〜ということです | The problem is that the heater in my room stopped working. |
| As you may know, | ご存じのとおり | As you may know, the project is due next Friday. |
| I was wondering if | 〜かどうかと思いまして | I was wondering if there are any spots left in the workshop. |
| In addition to this, | これに加えて | In addition to this, I would like to know the total cost. |
| As a result of this, | このため | As a result of this, I missed the first two classes. |
| I would be happy to | 喜んで〜します | I would be happy to help with the event setup. |
| Please let me know if | 〜でしたらお知らせください | Please let me know if you need any more information. |
| Thank you for | 〜ありがとうございます | Thank you for your help with my application. |
| I look forward to | 〜を楽しみにしております | I look forward to hearing from you. |
| Thank you in advance for | あらかじめお礼申し上げます | Thank you in advance for your time. |
| If it is not too much trouble, | もしご面倒でなければ | If it is not too much trouble, could you check my registration? |
| I apologize for | 〜をお詫び申し上げます | I apologize for the short notice. |
一つの解答に入れてみると
「1年生の寮生活を義務にすべきか」というディスカッション問題に、表の表現を5つ入れて書いた解答です。青い波線がつなぎ表現です。見せるためにわざと多めに入れました。本番ではこのうち3つ残せば十分です。
Academic Discussion 解答例
I understand Andrew’s point about cost, but I agree with Kelly that first-year students should live on campus. The main reason is that the first year is when students build their study habits. In detail, a student in a dorm can join a late study group or ask a classmate for help within five minutes, while a student who commutes for an hour usually goes straight home. While dorms are expensive, many universities offer housing aid to students who need it, so cost alone should not decide the rule. For these reasons, I believe requiring one year on campus helps students more than it hurts them.
In conclusionは使わず、反論はWhile一語で文の中で片づけています。他の学生の名前を出して始める1文目は「他の学生の意見に反応する」グループから取りました。
模範解答114本で実際に数えたこと
testpracticelabのライティング練習セットとフルテストに載っているEmailとAcademic Discussionの模範解答をすべて集めました。満点レベルで書いた55本と、その一段下の高得点解答59本、合計12,783語です。そこで下の189表現がそれぞれ何回出てくるかを数えました。
どれも私たちが書いた解答で、ETSが採点したものではありません。それでも、講師が「満点」と判断した文章と「よく書けているが一段下」と判断した文章で、つなぎ方がどう違うかははっきり見えます。
1
密度
満点解答だからといって、つなぎ表現を多く使っているわけではありません。100語あたりではむしろ少しだけ少ない。
2.1 : 2.2満点 : 高得点、100語あたり
2
参考書の定番
In conclusion、In addition、On the other handは114本で一度も出てきません。MoreoverとFurthermoreもそれぞれ1回だけです。
0回In conclusion
3
文の中でつなぐ
While、Rather thanのように一文の中で譲歩や対比を処理する表現は、満点解答で2倍以上多く使われています。
3.7 : 1.81,000語あたり
4
例の出し方
For exampleは高得点グループに偏っています。満点解答は例を文の中に溶け込ませるか、For instanceなど別の言い方で始めます。
0.6 : 2.8For example、1,000語あたり
集計対象: testpracticelabのライティングサンプル20セットとフルテスト12セットに含まれるEmail・Academic Discussionの模範解答114本(重複は除外)。so、like、alsoのように別の意味で使われることが多い語は集計から外しました。
この一覧の使い方
- 1本の解答に3~5個で十分です。満点解答の平均は100語あたり約2個なので、150語のディスカッション回答なら3個前後。すべての文につなぎ表現をつけると機械的に読めてしまいます。
- 文頭より文中のものを先に覚える。While、Although、Rather than、which means thatは二つの考えを一文にまとめます。満点解答と高得点解答の差がいちばん大きかったのがここです。
- ディスカッションをIn conclusionで締めない。150語前後の回答に、独立した結論段落を置く余裕はありません。OverallかFor these reasonsで始まる一文で足ります。
- メールのグループはそのまま使ってかまいません。丁寧な依頼には決まった表現が合います。ただしI hope this message finds you wellのようなあいさつは語数を食うので一つまでに。
189個すべてをPDFで
この記事の表をそのままA4印刷用にしたファイルです。登録不要、無料。
今日は2つだけ選んで
189個を全部覚える必要はありません。今日は一つのグループから2つだけ選んで、実際の問題で使ってみましょう。TOEFLライティングの無料練習セットでEmailかディスカッションの問題を解き、模範解答と自分の解答のつなぎ表現を並べて比べると、違いがすぐに見えます。
各タスクの解き方はAcademic Discussionの解説とWrite an Emailの解説にまとめています。覚えておく型が気になる人はAcademic Discussionテンプレートの記事をどうぞ。