TOEFL Reading練習 #015 — The Headache That Isn't in Your Brain(日本語解説)

1. A. encounters
2. B. avoids
3. C. resolves
4. D. creates

1. A. the trigeminal nerve
2. B. the blood vessels
3. C. the tissue underneath
4. D. cold beverages

1. A. the sharp pain that occurs when cold directly touches brain tissue
2. B. pain that a doctor must confirm using medical tests
3. C. pain that lasts longer the colder the food or drink is
4. D. pain that is felt in a place different from where it actually begins, because the nerve pathways for the two areas cross

1. A. to let warm blood flow back in and protect the area
2. B. to reduce the trigeminal nerve's sensitivity to cold
3. C. to send the pain signal more quickly to the brain
4. D. to prevent the throat muscles from swelling

1. A. The brain is not actually involved in feeling the pain of brain freeze
2. B. The actual physical event behind brain freeze takes place in the mouth and throat
3. C. Brain freeze is described as a malfunction of the nervous system
4. D. The same mechanism that causes brain freeze also explains the arm pain some people feel during a heart attack

1. A. Doctors call it referred pain because the pain begins in a different place from where the nerve pathways overlap
2. B. Doctors use the term referred pain for pain that appears in a different place from where it began, because the nerve pathways of the two locations overlap
3. C. Doctors call this referred pain, which means pain that spreads to more than one place at the same time
4. D. Referred pain only happens when nerve pathways from two areas are permanently connected

1. A. It happens only in patients who have previously experienced brain freeze
2. B. It occurs because the heart has no pain receptors, just like the brain
3. C. It is a different, unrelated kind of pain that has nothing to do with referred pain
4. D. It occurs because nerve pathways connecting the heart and the arm cross or overlap, so the brain misreads where the pain is coming from

1. A. support the claim that the brain has no pain receptors and cannot feel pain directly
2. B. argue that brain surgery is safer than most people think
3. C. explain a specific medical technique used during modern surgery
4. D. introduce the concept of referred pain that appears later in the passage

1. A. It shows that the vessel reaction described in paragraph 2 fails to explain the pain of brain freeze
2. B. It explains what the brain does with the pain signal that paragraph 2 shows the vessels and nerve producing
3. C. It simply repeats the description of blood vessels narrowing and widening that paragraph 2 already gave
4. D. It describes a relationship between paragraph 1 and paragraph 4 rather than paragraph 2 and paragraph 3

1. A. Square A
2. B. Square B
3. C. Square C
4. D. Square D

The sudden forehead pain known as brain freeze feels like the brain itself reacting to cold, but the real explanation involves blood vessels, a nerve, and a case of mistaken location.

1. A. Brain freeze feels like direct pain in the brain, but the brain has no pain receptors and cannot feel cold on its own
2. B. Cold touching blood vessels in the mouth and throat makes them narrow and then widen quickly, and the trigeminal nerve detects this rapid change
3. C. The brain assigns the resulting signal to the forehead instead of to its real source in the mouth and throat, a mix-up known as referred pain
4. D. Surgeons can operate on brain tissue while a patient stays awake without causing any pain
5. E. The same referred-pain mechanism also explains the arm pain some people feel during a heart attack
6. F. Drinking cold beverages slowly instead of quickly prevents the vessels in the mouth from narrowing at all